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Sources

Every source on GeoBusinessIQ is a publisher landing page. Specific data-point URLs will be added over time. If a claim on the site is not traceable to a source listed here, that is a bug — please open an issue.

Data reviewed 2026-06-23 across 89 data records (earliest ). Each source below notes what it covers and why it is used.

For image and visual provenance, see visual attributions.

Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority

  • ACRA — Singapore company registry (accessed )
    Covers: Singapore company incorporation via BizFile, the register of companies, and corporate compliance.
    Why used: Official reference for Singapore private-company-limited-by-shares (Pte Ltd) registration and obligations.

Agencia Tributaria

Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira

Badminton World Federation

  • Badminton World Federation (accessed )
    Covers: Global badminton governance, competition formats, member federations, player licensing, and officiating standards.
    Why used: The world governing body for badminton; authoritative reference for how badminton is governed, structured, and organised internationally.

Belastingdienst

Bundesministerium der Finanzen

  • Federal Ministry of Finance — Germany (accessed )— Primary German federal reference for corporate income tax (Körperschaftsteuer), solidarity surcharge, and trade tax (Gewerbesteuer).

Canada Revenue Agency

Companies House

  • UK Companies House — company registration (accessed )
    Covers: UK company incorporation, the public register of companies, and annual filing obligations.
    Why used: Primary official reference for UK private-limited-company registration and filing.

Corporations Canada (ISED)

  • Corporations Canada (accessed )
    Covers: Federal incorporation in Canada and the federal corporations register administered by ISED.
    Why used: Official reference for Canadian federal incorporation and corporate filing obligations.

Czech Ministry of Justice

  • Czech public register (Veřejný rejstřík) (accessed )
    Covers: Czech commercial register entries for companies including the s.r.o. and their public filings.
    Why used: Official reference for Czech limited-liability-company (s.r.o.) registration and register entries.

Delaware Division of Corporations

  • Delaware Division of Corporations (accessed )
    Covers: Formation and maintenance of Delaware LLCs and corporations, the common U.S. state of incorporation for startups.
    Why used: Official reference for Delaware LLC and C-corporation formation and franchise-tax obligations.

Direction Générale des Finances Publiques

European Commission

  • European Commission — policy and country information (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: EU policy framework including the VAT One-Stop-Shop and single-market rules.
    Why used: Used for EU/EEA market-access and VAT-OSS framing referenced across rankings and guides.

European Payments Council

  • SEPA schemes (European Payments Council) (accessed )
    Covers: Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) credit transfer and direct debit schemes for euro payments.
    Why used: Official reference for SEPA scope and how euro-area bank transfers operate.

Eurostat

  • Eurostat — official statistics of the European Union (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: EU-harmonised VAT rates and economic statistics for EU/EEA member states.
    Why used: Used for EU VAT and member-state economic figures where an EU-harmonised series is preferable.

FIBA International Basketball Federation

  • FIBA International Basketball Federation (accessed )
    Covers: Global basketball governance, competition formats, licensing, referee and coach education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for basketball; authoritative reference for how basketball is governed, structured, and organised internationally.

Federal Tax Authority of the United Arab Emirates

Finanční správa ČR

Fédération Equestre Internationale

  • Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) (accessed )
    Covers: International equestrian sport governance across dressage, jumping, eventing, vaulting, endurance, and para-equestrian disciplines; competition formats, judge and steward education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for equestrian sport; authoritative reference for how equestrian disciplines are governed and organised internationally.

Fédération Internationale d'Escrime

  • Fédération Internationale d'Escrime (FIE) (accessed )
    Covers: Global fencing governance across foil, épée, and sabre disciplines; competition formats, world rankings, Olympic coordination, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The recognised international federation for fencing; authoritative reference for how fencing is governed and structured globally.

Fédération Internationale de Football Association

  • FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) (accessed )
    Covers: Global football and futsal governance, competition formats, member association structure, licensing, referee and coach education, and development programmes.
    Why used: The world governing body for football and futsal; authoritative reference for how these sports are structured, governed, and organised internationally.

Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique

  • Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) (accessed )
    Covers: Global gymnastics governance covering artistic, rhythmic, trampoline, acrobatic, aerobic, and parkour gymnastics; competition formats, apparatus standards, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for gymnastics; authoritative reference for how gymnastics disciplines are structured, governed, and organised internationally.

Fédération Internationale de Hockey

  • FIH (Fédération Internationale de Hockey) (accessed )
    Covers: Global field hockey governance, competition formats, umpire education, artificial turf standards, and member association structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for field hockey; authoritative reference for how field hockey is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

Fédération Internationale de Ski et de Snowboard

  • Fédération Internationale de Ski et de Snowboard (FIS) (accessed )
    Covers: Global ski and snowboard governance covering alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, freestyle skiing, snowboarding, and telemark; competition formats, course homologation, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for skiing and snowboarding; authoritative reference for how these winter snow sports are structured, governed, and organised internationally.

Fédération Internationale de Volleyball

  • FIVB (Fédération Internationale de Volleyball) (accessed )
    Covers: Global volleyball and beach volleyball governance, competition formats, ranking systems, referee education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for volleyball and beach volleyball; authoritative reference for how these sports are structured and regulated internationally.

Government of Poland

Guichet unique des formalités des entreprises (INPI)

  • French company formalities portal (guichet unique) (accessed )
    Covers: France's single-window portal for company formation and business formalities, operated by INPI.
    Why used: Official reference for French company (SAS/SASU/SARL) registration formalities.

HM Revenue & Customs

  • HM Revenue & Customs — UK Corporation Tax (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: UK Corporation Tax rates and rules.
    Why used: Primary-authority reference for the United Kingdom corporate tax rate in the dataset.

Handelsregister

  • German commercial register (Handelsregister) (accessed )
    Covers: Germany's commercial register of companies, including GmbH and UG entities and their filings.
    Why used: Official reference for German limited-liability-company (GmbH/UG) registration and register entries.

Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore

International Biathlon Union

  • International Biathlon Union (IBU) (accessed )
    Covers: Global biathlon governance covering individual, sprint, pursuit, mass start, and relay formats; competition rules, shooting range standards, athlete licensing, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for biathlon; authoritative reference for how biathlon is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

International Canoe Federation

  • International Canoe Federation (ICF) (accessed )
    Covers: Global canoe and kayak governance covering canoe sprint, canoe slalom, kayak cross, paracanoe, canoe marathon, dragon boat, and stand-up paddling; competition formats and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for canoeing and kayaking; authoritative reference for how these paddle sport disciplines are structured, governed, and organised internationally.

International Cricket Council

  • ICC (International Cricket Council) (accessed )
    Covers: Global cricket governance, competition formats, umpire and match official education, member board structure, and anti-corruption frameworks.
    Why used: The world governing body for cricket; authoritative reference for how cricket is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

International Federation of Muaythai Associations

  • International Federation of Muaythai Associations (IFMA) (accessed )
    Covers: International Muay Thai governance, competition formats, athlete safety and education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for Muay Thai; authoritative reference for how Muay Thai is governed and organised internationally.

International Federation of Pickleball

  • International Federation of Pickleball (accessed )
    Covers: Global pickleball governance, member federations across 63 countries, competition formats, certified instructor programmes, and official rulebook (maintained in coordination with USA Pickleball).
    Why used: The world governing body for pickleball; authoritative reference for how pickleball is governed, structured, and organised internationally.

International Federation of Sport Climbing

  • World Climbing (IFSC) (accessed )
    Covers: Global sport climbing governance covering lead, speed, and bouldering disciplines plus para climbing; competition formats, athlete rankings, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for sport climbing (IFSC, operating as World Climbing); authoritative reference for how climbing is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

International Golf Federation

  • International Golf Federation (accessed )
    Covers: Global golf governance at the Olympic level, World Amateur Team Championships, and international federation structure.
    Why used: The recognised international federation for golf in the Olympic Movement; authoritative reference for how golf is governed and structured internationally.

International Handball Federation

  • IHF (International Handball Federation) (accessed )
    Covers: Global handball governance, competition formats, referee education, member federation structure, and development programmes.
    Why used: The world governing body for handball; authoritative reference for how handball is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF)

  • International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) (accessed )
    Covers: Global governance of ice hockey; sets rules, sanctions international competitions, and supports member national associations.
    Why used: The world governing body for ice hockey; the authoritative reference for competition structure, governance, and international framework.

International Judo Federation

  • International Judo Federation (IJF) (accessed )
    Covers: International judo governance, competition formats, judogi and safety standards, coach and referee education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for judo; authoritative reference for how judo is governed, structured, and organised internationally.

International Mixed Martial Arts Federation

  • International Mixed Martial Arts Federation (IMMAF) (accessed )
    Covers: International amateur MMA governance, safety and competition standards, athlete education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The global governing body for amateur mixed martial arts; authoritative reference for how MMA is governed and structured at international level.

International Olympic Committee

  • International Olympic Committee (accessed )
    Covers: The Olympic Movement, international sport governance, and recognised international federations.
    Why used: Authoritative reference for how organised sport is governed internationally.

International Padel Federation (FIP)

  • International Padel Federation (accessed )
    Covers: Global padel governance, tournament structure, ranking systems, and member federation directory.
    Why used: The world governing body for padel; authoritative reference for how padel is structured and regulated as an organised sport internationally.

International Racquetball Federation

  • International Racquetball Federation (IRF) (accessed )
    Covers: Global racquetball governance, competition formats, world championships, continental confederations, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The recognised international federation for racquetball; authoritative reference for how racquetball is governed and structured globally.

International Shooting Sport Federation

  • International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) (accessed )
    Covers: Global shooting sport governance across rifle, pistol, and shotgun disciplines; world championships, world cups, Olympic coordination, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The recognised international federation for shooting sports; authoritative reference for how competitive shooting is governed and structured globally.

International Table Tennis Federation

  • International Table Tennis Federation (accessed )
    Covers: Global table tennis governance, competition formats, equipment regulations, member federations, and development programmes.
    Why used: The world governing body for table tennis; authoritative reference for how the sport is governed, structured, and organised internationally.

International Tennis Federation

  • International Tennis Federation (accessed )
    Covers: Global tennis governance, rules, player registration, tournaments, and development programmes.
    Why used: The world governing body for tennis; authoritative reference for how professional and recreational tennis is structured and regulated internationally.

Maksu- ja Tolliamet

Ministerstvo financí ČR

Ministerstwo Finansów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

Ministry of Finance of the United Arab Emirates

Netherlands Chamber of Commerce (KVK)

  • KVK — Dutch business register (accessed )
    Covers: Dutch business registration and the trade register (Handelsregister) maintained by KVK.
    Why used: Official reference for Dutch private-limited-company (BV) registration and register obligations.

OECD

  • OECD — economic and tax statistics (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: Comparable corporate tax, statutory rate, and economic indicators across member and partner economies.
    Why used: Used as a cross-country baseline to sanity-check rates against primary tax-authority figures.

PayPal

  • PayPal Business — products and availability (accessed )
    Covers: PayPal business accounts, checkout, and payment products and their country availability.
    Why used: Official reference for PayPal business product availability and supported markets.

Polish Ministry of Justice

  • National Court Register (KRS) (accessed )
    Covers: Poland's National Court Register for companies, including the sp. z o.o., and the S24 online registration system.
    Why used: Official reference for Polish limited-liability-company (sp. z o.o.) registration and register entries.

PricewaterhouseCoopers

  • PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries (accessed ; reviewed )— Cross-country reference used to triangulate corporate tax, VAT, and withholding tax rates against primary tax-authority sources.
    Covers: Corporate income tax, VAT, and dividend withholding rates across most covered jurisdictions.
    Why used: Used to triangulate rates against primary tax-authority sources, not as the sole authority.

Rahandusministeerium

Registro Mercantil Central

  • Spanish Central Commercial Register (accessed )
    Covers: Spain's central commercial register, including company name reservation and registration of the SL.
    Why used: Official reference for Spanish limited-liability-company (SL) registration and name clearance.

Republic of Estonia

Republic of Estonia (RIK)

  • Estonian e-Business Register (accessed )
    Covers: Estonian company registration and the online e-Business Register operated by the Centre of Registers and Information Systems.
    Why used: Official reference for Estonian private-limited-company (OÜ) registration and digital filing.

Stripe

  • Stripe — supported countries (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: Countries where Stripe supports first-party account creation.
    Why used: Used as the primary signal for the stripeAvailable field driving payments-weighted scorers.

Swift

  • Swift — global payment messaging network (accessed )
    Covers: The Swift network for cross-border interbank payment messaging used outside SEPA.
    Why used: Official reference for how international (non-SEPA) bank transfers are routed.

U.S. Internal Revenue Service

  • Internal Revenue Service — Publication 542 (Corporations) (accessed ; reviewed )— Primary federal reference for the 21% flat corporate income tax rate.
    Covers: US federal corporate income tax treatment for C corporations.
    Why used: Primary-authority reference for the United States corporate tax rate in the dataset.

UAE Ministry of Economy

  • UAE Ministry of Economy — company registration (accessed )
    Covers: UAE federal company-registration framework, including mainland licensing and the broader Free Zone landscape.
    Why used: Official reference for UAE company formation context (mainland LLC and Free Zone entities).

Union Cycliste Internationale

  • Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) (accessed )
    Covers: Global cycling governance covering road, track, mountain bike, BMX, trials, cyclo-cross, and para-cycling; competition licensing, anti-doping, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for cycling; authoritative reference for how cycling disciplines are structured, governed, and organised internationally.

Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne

  • Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM) (accessed )
    Covers: International modern pentathlon governance, competition formats across fencing, swimming, riding, laser-run (shooting and running), coach and judge education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for modern pentathlon; authoritative reference for how the sport is governed and organised internationally.

United World Wrestling

  • United World Wrestling (UWW) (accessed )
    Covers: International wrestling governance across freestyle, Greco-Roman, and women's wrestling disciplines; competition formats, coach and referee education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for wrestling; authoritative reference for how wrestling is governed and structured internationally.

Wise

  • Wise — service availability (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: Countries where Wise Business multi-currency accounts are available.
    Why used: Used for the wiseAvailable field, the EMI-fallback signal in banking and payments scorers.

World Aquatics

  • World Aquatics (accessed )
    Covers: Global aquatic sports governance including swimming, water polo, diving, artistic swimming, open water swimming, and high diving; competition formats and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for aquatic sports; authoritative reference for how water polo and other aquatic disciplines are structured and governed internationally.

World Archery Federation

  • World Archery Federation (accessed )
    Covers: Global archery governance, competition formats, world rankings, Olympic coordination, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The recognised international federation for archery; authoritative reference for how archery is governed and structured globally.

World Association of Kickboxing Organizations

  • WAKO – World Association of Kickboxing Organizations (accessed )
    Covers: International kickboxing governance across disciplines including full-contact, low-kick, K-1 rules, and forms; competition formats, coach and referee education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for kickboxing; authoritative reference for how kickboxing is governed and organised internationally.

World Athletics

  • World Athletics (accessed )
    Covers: Global athletics governance covering track and field, road running, cross country, race walking, and mountain and trail running; competition formats, world rankings, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for athletics; authoritative reference for how the sport is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

World Bank

  • World Bank — open data and country profiles (accessed ; reviewed )
    Covers: Business-environment and company-formation indicators across economies.
    Why used: Used for formation-friction context in company-formation and startup-cost material.

World Baseball Softball Confederation

  • WBSC (World Baseball Softball Confederation) (accessed )
    Covers: Global baseball and softball governance, competition formats, ranking systems, umpire education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for baseball and softball; authoritative reference for how these sports are structured and governed internationally.

World Bowls

  • World Bowls (accessed )
    Covers: Global lawn bowls governance, competition formats, member federations, coaching and development standards.
    Why used: The recognised international federation for lawn bowls; authoritative reference for how lawn bowls is governed and structured globally.

World Boxing

  • World Boxing (accessed )
    Covers: International boxing governance, competition formats, athlete safety standards, referee and judge education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The IOC-aligned international federation for competitive boxing; authoritative reference for how the sport is governed and organised at international level.

World Darts Federation

  • World Darts Federation (WDF) (accessed )
    Covers: Global darts governance, competition formats, world rankings, player ratings, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The recognised international governing body for darts; authoritative reference for how darts is governed and structured globally.

World Karate Federation

  • World Karate Federation (WKF) (accessed )
    Covers: International karate governance, competition formats, kata and kumite disciplines, coach and referee education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for karate; authoritative reference for how karate is governed, structured, and organised internationally.

World Lacrosse

  • World Lacrosse (accessed )
    Covers: Global lacrosse governance, competition formats, official and coach education, member nation structure, and development programmes.
    Why used: The world governing body for lacrosse; authoritative reference for how lacrosse is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

World Netball

  • World Netball (accessed )
    Covers: Global netball governance, competition formats, umpire education, member association structure, and development programmes.
    Why used: The world governing body for netball; authoritative reference for how netball is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

World Rowing

  • World Rowing (accessed )
    Covers: Global rowing governance covering flat water, coastal, indoor, para, and age-group rowing; competition formats, venue standards, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for rowing (formerly FISA); authoritative reference for how rowing is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

World Rugby

  • World Rugby (accessed )
    Covers: Global rugby union governance, competition formats, laws of the game, player welfare, referee education, and member union structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for rugby union; authoritative reference for how rugby is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

World Sailing

  • World Sailing (accessed )
    Covers: Global sailing governance covering Olympic sailing classes, offshore racing, para sailing, and youth sailing; equipment class rules, event licensing, rankings, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for sailing; authoritative reference for how sailing is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

World Squash Federation Limited

  • World Squash Federation (accessed )
    Covers: Global squash governance, competition formats, member federations, court specifications, and officiating standards.
    Why used: The recognised international federation for squash; authoritative reference for how squash is governed and structured globally.

World Taekwondo

  • World Taekwondo (accessed )
    Covers: International taekwondo governance, competition formats, poomsae and kyorugi disciplines, coach and referee education, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for taekwondo; authoritative reference for how taekwondo is governed and organised internationally.

World Triathlon

  • World Triathlon (accessed )
    Covers: Global triathlon governance covering triathlon, duathlon, aquathlon, winter triathlon, and para-triathlon; competition formats, age-group programmes, and member federation structure.
    Why used: The world governing body for triathlon (formerly ITU); authoritative reference for how triathlon is structured, governed, and organised internationally.

ePortugal

  • ePortugal — Empresa na Hora (accessed )
    Covers: Portugal's public services portal, including the Empresa na Hora same-day company registration programme.
    Why used: Official reference for Portuguese private-limited-company (LDA) registration.